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The course introduces students to the basic principles of Public International Law and to the main challenges faced by this discipline today. After having discussed about the origins and foundations of Public International Law, the Course analyses the main subjects in this field – including, in particular States, International Organizations, individuals, and other sui generis entities. The sources of international law are identified and the hierarchy existing among them is discussed, focusing, in particular, on the specific role of peremptory norms of international law (jus cogens rules). The Course also analyses some relevant areas of public international law, including inter alia the use of force in the international legal order (ius ad bellum), the role of the United Nations and the collective security system, the law of the sea, the international protection of human rights, international humanitarian law (ius in bello), international criminal law, and international environmental law. Finally, the consequences of the breaches of international law and the implementation of international rules within national systems are studied.